National Governance

The top leaders of a state is called cabinet members. They are a small number of people, but representing the whole state. Their decisions, actions and inactions directly affect the welfare of whole people in the state. Remember, this is a sensitive position and should be very responsible.  They are a team of people exercising the power of a State or territory.

Members of the cabinet are called ministers. Each minister holds different portfolios of the government, like the Minister of Industry, minister of finance etc. Here only few positions representing whole people in a vide area. It is not a lifelong perpetual position, it will end when your ideas for serving people becomes empty. You never expect to stay for long at a stretch, usually not for more than five years and never expect for more at a stretch.

You should step down when people wish for a change. While stepping down don’t make any noise or complaints, because people are observing you.

Actually people silently observing their leaders, especially their ministers. If you show faithfulness to others, they follow it. If you are tolerant to others, then your people will become more tolerant. If you are honest, they will become honest. If you shows distrust to others, your people will show it to their neighbours. If you are corrupt, they will become corrupt. If you kill your opponent, then they start killing on their own. If you are lazy, they will become lazy. They are imitating words, actions and emotions of their leaders. This is a truth, a truth learned through observing various events at different parts of the world.

People:

The primary purpose of a Government is serving people. A Government is made for the welfare of the people. People is the state. They are the purpose of the state. But the people are here in this world to live a complete and fulfilled life on his own. He is not an instrument of a state or of its machineries. A Government can never take a decision which harm its person.

Cabinet members sit around a table and think about the welfare of its people.

Prosperity and happiness of people depends on its leaders vision. The policies taken by a cabinet is directly impacting their daily life. Welfare is to be ensured. freedom of expression is to be ensured., livelihood is to be maintained. protection of dignity and right to live with dignity is also important. Serve people means, supporting every human being within the jurisdiction of the state. Nowadays sectarian attitude of cabinet leads to miserable experience to the people who are not considered by them.

Every decision of a cabinet should ensure the welfare of people belonging to all walks of life.

You should not take this as an opportunity to grab the public money. If you do it you will see  difficulty of your people in future. Your people  life will fail in coming years and face difficulties in their life. Your looting of public money cause severe social trouble. Nobody will help your people if you loot public money and go for bribe.

The people are the supreme authority in a country.  The sovereignty of a state vests in the hands of its people not on its government. The government should establish equality among people in terms of income, status, opportunities and standard of life. Provide a decent standard of life to the working people. Provide security to all people.

All people are citizens of the State. They together constitute the population of the State. Each one normally gets the membership (citizenship) of a state automatically right at the time of one’s birth and continues to live life as such. The whole population is a part of the State. All the people are citizens of the State.

Constitution

The constitution is the primary document of a state. A human born free, a constitution safeguard this freedom. It asks everybody to keeps other’s legitimate freedom. A modern civilized world, a written document is required to specify the legitimate human rights and cover the full span of our lives to protect its current requirements.

Establish democratic government, which is to be governed by an elaborate and detailed written constitution. The constitution should emphasise Social and Economic Justice, Equality, equal opportunity for everyone, equality for men and women etc. The state should extensively involve in social welfare of people, and would try to establish an egalitarian society.

It should be originated from human reasoning and frequently updated through the same human reasoning. Our capability for reasoning is the only means we can find a better world to live for. The reasoning should be based on equal rights to every person irrespective of gender, caste, creed, tribe, color or nationality. If any of the above points are neglected in the constitutions, that constitution is invalid.

Also in this global village narrow mentality of nationalism and localized patriotism is dangerous. The patriotism seemed a great word, but it caused more death than any other epidemic in history. That should not be promoted through a constitution. You should be a patriotic of being a living thing on earth. Not more and not less. That is the only meaningful patriotism. Other injected patriotism should be rejected as a poison. whoever swallow it will die because of it. Nobody is responsible for their death.

A constitution should provide an equal right to every human being who is coming to its purview of territory or jurisdiction. 

The constitution should be made from the free thoughts and reasoning of human mind. That is the only resort to find s better life. It should be reviewed and revised time to time to accommodate new found wisdom of human. That will keep our life moving forward. The constitution should not be based or originated from any religious or any old documents, that make living standard of our people deteriorate back to several thousand years. Religious preachers and priesthood shouldn’t be allowed to interfere national and social matters. Most of the time they are acting as a social evil.

The Constitution establishes government and its fundamental laws. It describes the fundamental principles to govern the State and guaranteed rights for its people.  It creates a national government consisting of a legislative, executive, and a judicial branch,

A civilized constitution should give equal treatment to people who are living in its territory, they can be a permanent or a temporary person in that geographical area. When any person enter into its area, the whole machinery is responsible for his safety, life and freedom.

Territory:

It is essential for each State to possess a fixed territory. It is the physical element of the State. State is a territorial entity.

The State has four elements — population, territory, government, and sovereignty. In the absence of even one element, a State cannot be really a State. A state is always characterised by all these four elements. On the contrary, a nation is a group of people who have a strong sense of unity and common consciousness.

The territory is the area in which the people of the state is living and area in which the state is administering. There is a geographical boundary for any state. Its boundaries can increase or decrease, but the process of change is always very complex. A State can be created. A State can be created with the conscious endeavors of the people. Physical elements play an important role in the birth of a State.

Territory belongs to the State. The State has sovereign ownership and jurisdiction over its territory. State is a territorial entity and territory belongs to it. The government has the responsibility to preserve, protect and defend the territory of the State. A State fulfills the security and welfare needs of its people. The laws made by the government are applicable to all parts of the territory of State but territory belongs to the State and not to the government. The government exercises power on behalf of the State. It acts on the basis of the sovereignty of the State. Sovereignty is comprehensive, absolute, unlimited and all inclusive supreme power of the State. The government exercises only well defined and limited powers. Sovereignty is an essential element of the State. It is the soul of the State. In the absence of sovereignty, the State loses its existence. It is the element of sovereignty which makes the state different from all other associations of the people.

Common race, common religion, common language, common history, common culture and common political aspirations; none of these elements are not an absolute essentials for formation of a state. A state needs people and their welfare that is all. A state continuously pursues the objective of national- integration. Unity in diversity or more really, unity in plurality stands accepted as the guiding principle by all the modern civilised states.

A Nation is a united unit of population which is full of emotional and psychological bonds. A nation can survive even without a fixed territory.  However a nation may or may not remain within the bounds of a fixed territory. Its boundaries can easily extend beyond the boundaries of the State.

Government

Government is an agency of the State. A government is a system and a group of people governing a state. It acts for the state. Which formulates the will of the state into laws, implements the laws of the state and ensures conformity to the laws of the state. Government exercises power and authority on behalf of the state.

Policy establishes how a state function. Prepare policy is the primary functions of the cabinet. In other words, cabinet is primarily a policy making body of a state.

Anyone can voluntarily contest in an election and get elected as a representative of the people and become a part of the Government. One-man rule is a most devastating fate of a state during its existance.

Government consists of legislature, cabinet, executive, and judiciary. Government is a means by which policies are enforced and it also consists of a mechanism for determining policies of a state. Each government has a constitution, a statement of its governing principles and philosophy. Typically the philosophy chosen is some balance between the principle of individual freedom and the idea of organized safe community under an umbrella of state.

Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, Legislature’s responsibility is to make statutory law, executive’s responsibility is to enforce the law and Judiciary interprets law and applies it to the facts of each case.

Government is a decision-making body with collective responsibility.  It is the Cabinet Ministers who “steer the wheel of a government”. Cabinets are typically the body responsible for the day-to-day management of the government and response to sudden events.

The cabinet is also originating legislation. Cabinets and ministers are usually in charge of the preparation of proposed legislation in the ministries then it is passed to the parliament. Thus, the majority of new legislation actually originates from the cabinet and its ministries.

Governments can be of different forms— Parliamentary or Presidential, Unitary or Federal or a mixture of these. A government can be monarchical or aristocratic or democratic or a dictatorship. The people can by choice change the form of their government. But the State exists independently and has a uniform character.

State is Permanent, Government is Temporary. Governments come and go regularly. After every general election the government changes. It can also undergo a total change through an election or even through a revolution. State is permanent. It continuously lives so long as it continues to enjoy sovereignty.

Parliament

Parliament is a representative of people elected from each constituency of the territory. The Parliament’s role is to discuss the policy matters and laws put forward by the cabinet, they can give approval or deny it through voting.

Cabinet members are elected members from the parliament. Parliament has the power to remove a cabinet member. Hence they are accountable to the parliament.

The cabinet members and parliament members should be protected. They should not be killed or harmed. If it happens, that affect the overall safety of the state. Because each member is representing a collection of people. Leadership transition should be peaceful, otherways the state will become unpeaceful, unsafe territory and become a land of chaos. Every leader should be ready to transfer his position when another person is elected. The leadership positions are not eternal. Everybody happy to receive the position but not willing to giveaway when another eligible elected person came. That create conflict. The country only safe and peaceful as long as the leaders are peaceful and mutually understanding.

 Government is made by the representatives of the people. Only some people, who get elected act as representatives of the people, form the government of the State. Their number is limited to few hundred only.

Democratic setup for electing representative and cabinet is the available good method. In order to take better decision while electing a democratic representative people should be educated, knowledgeable and responsible. Democracy with uneducated masses would only lead to populism, superstition etc being the criteria to become an elected leader, and not competence. This would ultimately lead to demise of the nation.

Parliamentary system is supposed to work with a collective intelligence of its members. Simply voting for policies are not sufficient. for each issues the members should apply their knowledge, thinking ability and other faculties to decide on it and eventually apply their reasoning in its fullest. If the members are discussing on the basis of the ideas presented by the officials and making a decision by simple voting makes no use for the prosperity of people. In such situation the legislation is redundant.

Executives

Executives consist of the leadership team and expert groups. Executives compliments cabinet decisions in such a way that it will give maximum benefit to the people with minimum resources.

Another role of a cabinet is to administer executive branches, government agencies, or departments. Cabinet realizes it’s objectives for serving people through these teams and groups.

Thus, there are several well-defined and well-recognised differences between the State and Government. In common usage no distinction is made between the two. A government department is often referred to as state department. Likewise State Transport, State College of Sports is really government transport and Government College of sports. It is indeed a loose and inexact use of the name State. A student of Political Science fully realises and accepts the difference between State and Government.

Judiciary

The judiciary is a system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state. The judiciary is also a mechanism for the resolution of disputes. This branch of the state is tasked with ensuring equal justice to everybody under the law.